Lean on Nature for Long-Term Profits
By Dan Glenn
FITZGERALD, Georgia;
Choosing and developing cattle that fit your environment is the most important selection criteria the cow-calf producer can make. Weaning an average or better calf every year, on time, with minimal supplementation is how we make a profit in years when the margins are thin. The best way to do this is to choose genetics whose milk and frame scores match what Mother Nature can provide them.
Individual gene pools take time to grow adapted to an environment and a management type. Select animals that breed on time, raise an average or better offspring, and don’t require you to work on or for them. When choosing outside genetics to grow your herd, be sure to stay as close to home and as similar a management structure as you can find. You will cull fewer animals this way and spend less money in the long run. Genetics are an investment. Spend what you can pencil and recognize it takes a long time to breed up a below average cow’s progeny to a good one.It’s also important to make sure we are calving in sync with nature. A cow’s nutritional need starts ramping up in the third trimester and peaks around two months after calving. We should time calving to correspond with our best forage of the year. Winter feeding costs typically incur 60-75% of the yearly feed budget for most programs, so having dry cows during this time can help offset the nutrient needs. Utilizing stockpiled fescue is one exception, where the high quality fescue can support the nutritional requirements of a fall calv- ing herd. In the Deep South where winter annuals are a major part of the forage chain, we can also support fall or winter calving with a proper stocking rate.
Speaking of stocking rate, profitability is haltered directly to this metric. Each environment will dictate how much substitute feeding is needed to be most profitable, but often the less the better. Here we must differentiate between substitute feeding and strategic supplementation. The latter might be when we feed cake or a protein tub to allow cows to better utilize a standing forage. Substitute feeding is when we provide a majority of the cows dry matter and nutrient needs ourselves. Substitute feeding isn’t always bad. When the cost of that feed outweighs our ability to sell calves to pay for it, we are typically overstocked. Extended drought does occur and can be an issue, but in areas prone to drought we should have a written plan in place to help make decisions before we are caught in the vise of lower sale prices and higher feed costs.
When hay is fed, do so strategically. Rolling out hay with a machine or by hand (a hill can help) can limit disturbance and spread out the “wasted” nutrients left behind. Here at Deep Grass Graziers, we like to feed hay in our thinned silvopasture areas to improve PH, add nutrients to low fertility areas, and trample weedy species. We also like to hay bomb certain fields one year, and new ones the following season. If a lot of disturbance occurs, consider broadcasting or over-seeding a forage mix in those areas to compete with the weeds that will likely fight for space.
Bale grazing is also a tool growing in popularity. In areas that don’t receive too much winter precipitation, bale grazing can cut down on labor costs and field disturbance by placing those bales at the beginning of the hay season and using polywire to give the cows a small section at a time. This limits the number of times you have to crank the tractor and drive over those pastures, and can distribute manure, urine, and trampled hay throughout the field, in essence fertilizing an entire track with minimal disturbance. The key is choosing a well drained site and not exceeding two tons per acre of hay stockpile. Also, the cows need to keep moving to allow the grazed areas time to recover.
When spring starts to wake up, it’s important not to overgraze pastures as it will limit season long production by stressing root growth and recovery. Spring is a good time to move cattle faster. The tighter you can bunch them, the more species they are likely to eat. Cattle will eat broccoli and Brussels sprouts if they think the buffet is going to run out of food. If the buffet appears a smorgasbord, they will keep eating the steak and mashed potatoes. I love to watch our cattle enter a new pasture and greedily consume plants that many folks mistakenly call weeds.
While we’re on the subject of weeds, let’s consider why they are here instead of how to kill them. Most folks define a weed as a “plant out of place.” Well, nature doesn’t think that plant
is out of place otherwise she wouldn’t have told it to grow. Soil conditions and the complex biological and chemical interactions in soil turn on and off seed germination signals.
Mother Nature thinks that the plant that’s growing in your pasture that you think is a weed will help bal- ance and improve soil life. Soil health doesn’t mean maximum tonnage of high energy, high protein plants in a monoculture. Soil health usually looks like resilient diversity that doesn’t require any of our help. If we have a number of undesirable grazing species of plants in our sward, we should ask ourselves why they are there, and how we can work with nature to promote species that will produce more profit in a resilient manner. This might mean hay bombing an area to add nutrients and raise the PH, or it could mean liming or fertilizing an area with animal manure, biological amendments, or conventional fertilizers. Just be wary of getting into a cycle of using salt- based fertilizers on a regular basis. They are addictive to the biology.
Don’t neglect the role of the species we choose to graze, the breed, and the gene pool we employ. It’s our job as graziers to learn the nuance of our land and how to use animals to extract profit as efficiently and resiliently as possible. By matching livestock pro- duction levels with what nature can provide, we can optimize our farm’s ability to produce a profit that can grow as our management improves. Cattle, sheep, and goats all have different grazing habits, require different infrastructure, markets, and levels of management. Each can be profitable and using multiple animal species can add resiliency through diversification of income, utilization of plant communities, and other synergies that mimicking nature can provide. Just be aware of the management challenges of bringing in a new species. Goat fencing and cattle fencing can look awfully different, and everything likes to eat a baby lamb.
We only had time to nibble on a few bites of what Mother Nature can offer our agriculture operations, but I hope we inspired a bit of hunger.
Dan Glenn is a cattle breeder and soil cowboy from southern Georgia. He raises environmentally adapted cattle in a low input system. You can find out more about him and his farm at www.deepgrassgraziers.com. He can be reached at dan@deepgrassgra ziers.com, or (229)457-1136.